Transmission and control strategies of antimicrobial resistance from the environment to the clinic: A holistic review

The environment is a major source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing concern due to modern human activities. This review highlights the transmission pathways, Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) mechanisms, and drivers like the triple planetary crisis. Mitigation strategies under the One Health framework, integrating advanced technologies, interdisciplinary knowledge, multisectoral interventions, and antimicrobial use and stewardship approaches, are proposed to combat AMR development and spread.